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1 |
The Rise of the Soviet Union
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1.1 |
October Revolution (1917)
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Tsar Nicolas II abdicated after February 1917 Revolution
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overthrow of the Russian (Alexander Kerensky) Provisional government
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Bolshevik led forces into Petrograd on November 5 (October 23), 1917
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Red Guards took control of the Winter Palace
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power ceded to local Soviets, dominated by the Bolsheviks
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1.2 |
Decrees
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Private was seized and redistributed among the peasants
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All Russian banks were nationalized.
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Private bank accounts were confiscated.
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The Church's properties (including bank accounts) were seized.
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All foreign debts were repudiated.
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Control of the factories was given to the soviets.
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Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war, and a shorter, eight-hour working day was introduced.
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1.3 |
Russian Civil War
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Began in 1918 after the Bolsheviks took control of Petrograd
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fighting between Red (Bolsheviks) and White (alliance of anti-Bolshevik forces)
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Ended in 1922, when Reds took control of Vladivostok
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Establishment of Soviet Union
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2 |
Socialist Realism
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2.1 |
Features
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Proletarian
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Typical
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Realistic
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Partisan
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2.2 |
Purpose
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To unify the nation
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To promote the state
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3 |
Films of Socialist Realism Movement
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3.1 |
Chapaev (Georgi Vasilyev, Sergei Vasilyev, 1934)
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3.1 |
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based on the book about Vasili Ivanovich Chapaev (1887 - 1919) who was in real life the Commander of the 25th Division of the Red Army
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3.2 |
Shchors (Alexander Dovzhenko, 1939)
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3.2 |
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biography of the partisan leader and Ukrainian Bolshevik Nikolai Shchors, Red Army Commander during the Russian Civil War
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3.3 |
Alexander Nevsky (Sergei Eisenstien, 1938)
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3.3 |
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based on the story of a 13th Century Russian prince leading an army to battle an invading force of Teutonic Knights.
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4 |
Sergei Parajanov
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4.1 |
Shadows of a Forgotten Ancestors (1964)
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departure from literary adaptations and light romantic comedies
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employs tools of the cinema
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zoom shots
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wide angle lenses
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rich color scheme
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tragic love affair of nineteenth century Carpathia
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won BAFTA award
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quickly drew ire of Soviet government
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4.2 |
Color of Pomegranates (1968)
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banned upon its release
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4.3 |
Return to Life (1980)
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4.4 |
imprisonment
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1974–79: due to resistance to Soviet regime
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1982: back in jail
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released under Gorbachev's glasnost
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4.5 |
died in 1990
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USSR's most innovative director since Eisenstein
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5 |
World War II, The Cold War and a Divided Europe
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5.1 |
Established at the Yalta Conference in 1945
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Winston Churchill
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Joseph Stalin
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5.2 |
Cold War divided Europe along an "iron curtain"
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Capitalist Western bloc
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Communist Eastern bloc
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6 |
Eastern bloc
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6.1 |
consisted of countries occupied by Soviet army after liberation from Germany
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6.2 |
included East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
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6.3 |
countries adopted Communist modes of government
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6.4 |
rejected postwar Western rebuilding plans, such as…
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Marshall Plan, in favor of the Molotov Plan
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization, in favor of the Warsaw Pact
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7 |
Film Industries
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7.1 |
commercial films were detached from any political meaning
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7.2 |
film adaptations of literary classics
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7.3 |
state censorship
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political films would be banned or cut
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filmmakers would be persecuted and jailed
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8 |
Eastern European New Waves
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8.1 |
"double language"
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content safely circumvents state censorship
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speaks to savy audience using coded film techniques
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9 |
Bertolt Brecht
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9.1 |
alienation effect
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9.2 |
discouraged the illusion of performance; encouraged critical observation
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9.3 |
"artist never acts as if there were a fourth wall besides the three surrounding him [...] The audience can no longer have the illusion of being the unseen spectator at an event which is really taking place." (1964)
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9.4 |
adopted by Eastern European filmmakers
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10 |
Poland
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10.1 |
National Film School in Lodz
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10.2 |
Jerzy Skolimowski
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10.3 |
Roman Polanski
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10.4 |
Knife in the Water (1962)
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11 |
Czechoslovakia
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11.1 |
Vera Chytilová
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early career
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philosophy and architecture
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model, script clerk, draftsperson
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Prague FIlm School (FAMU)
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film work
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style of American Underground cinema of the 1960s
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feminist: nature of power over women in Czechoslovakia
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silenced the political machine in her country
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Daisies (1966)
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New Wave feminist film
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Brechtian comedy
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two women posing questions directly to the audience about philosophy and politics
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jarring editing
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existential pondering
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11.2 |
Jan Schmidt
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The End of August at the Hotel Ozone (1968)
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Soviet tanks rolled into Prague to crush the liberalizing regime
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end of the Czech New Wave cinema
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12 |
Yugoslavia
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12.1 |
Alexander Petrovic
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And Love Has Vanished (1961)
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first film of New Wave movement
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I Even Met Happy Gypsies (1967)
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love story that ends in murder
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12.2 |
Dusan Makavejev
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Man is not a Bird (1965)
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love story
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PTT Love Affair, or the Case of the Missing Switchboard Operator (1967)
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utilizes stills, clips from documentaries, and other Brechtian devices
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murder of a young woman
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political social and sexual attitudes that led to her death
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W.R.- Mysteries of the Organism (1971)
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rejection of Stalinist ideology
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American commercial society
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13 |
Hungary
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13.1 |
Andras Kovacs
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13.2 |
Istvan Gaal
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13.3 |
Miklós Jancsó
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innovative camera work
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tracking shots
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camera is a passive observer
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camera moves even as we wish to linger
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strong political films
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wartime responsibility
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mob violence
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military behavior
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New Wave filmmaker
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departure from literary adaptations
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rejects aesthetics Socialist Realism
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critical of power relations
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14 |
The Red and the White (1967)
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14.1 |
Russian Civil War (1918–22)
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14.2 |
camera movement is alienating to the view
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14.3 |
loose with historical accuracy
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14.4 |
creates a binary between powerful and powerless
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15 |
East Germany
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15.1 |
strict censorship
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15.2 |
conform to the Communist Party line
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15.3 |
most films were non controversial, commercial favored by the government
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15.4 |
Joachim Kunert
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The Adventures of Werner Holt
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struggle to survive at the end of WWII
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15.5 |
Konrad Wolf
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Stars (1959)
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young Jewish woman who becomes romantically involved with German Prison guard
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challenges anti-Semitism of the time
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16 |
Bulgaria
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16.1 |
Vulo Radev
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The Peach Thief (1964)
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The Longest Night (1967)
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wartime films examining human actions when social structures collapse
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