Juan Monroy — Internet

Internet
- interoperable networks
  - wide-area networks
  - local-area networks
- personal computers
  - Alto
  - Altair
  - Apple
Early Computers
- John Vincent Atanasoff, first electronic computer
- Alan Turing, Colossus
- ENIAC
Early Networks
- SAGE Air Defense
  - first wide-area network
- Livermore National Laboratory
  - first local-area network
Advanced Research Projects Agency
- US Defense Department
- started in 1958 in response to Sputnik launching
- cooperated with research universities
- headed by J.C.R. Licklider
ARPANET
- distributed network
  - computer network
  - decentralized
  - designed to survive nuclear attack
- first connection
  - November 1969
  - between UCLA and Stanford
- publicly demonstrated
  - DARPA, 1972
  - “internetting”
Technical Standards
- “Esperanto for machines”
- packet switching
  - Paul Baran
  - fundamental mode of communication for the Internet
- TCP/IP
  - Vincent Cerf
- Internet names and numbers
  - Jon Postel
- electronic mail
  - Ray Tomlinson
Alto
- developed by Xerox, early 1970s
- prototype for a personal computer
- graphical user interface
  - desktop
  - mouse
- Ethernet
  - high speed LAN
  - Bob Metcalfe
Altair
- first personal microcomputer, 1975
  - Intel 8080 processor
  - 256 bytes of RAM
  - front panel with lights
- Microsoft BASIC
- $400 kit. assembled for $500.
- mail order
Apple
- Steve Jobs and Wozniak
- Apple I
  - computer kit, 1976
- Apple II
  - personal computer, 1977
- Macintosh
  - 1984
  - graphic user interface
  - Hypercard
    - linking on keywords or icons
Internetting
- “network of networks"
- ARPANET
- BITNET
- USENET
- NSFNet
Commercial Internet
- end of Cold War, 1991
- Gopher, University of Minnesota
- hypertext markup language, CERN
- first web browser, Tim Berners-Lee
Dot-Com Boom
- Netscape
- America Online
- Amazon
- Yahoo!
- eBay
- Google
Dot-Com Bust
- AOL-Time Warner merger, 2000
- Internet Explorer displaced Netscape as top browser
  - dominance of Windows
  - it was free
- stock market bubble, 2001
- recession
Old Media in the Internet Age
- advertising: Google
- newspaper classified advertising: Craig’s List
- recording industry: music file sharing and iTunes
- television: Netflix
Social Media
- Web 2.0
- Facebook
- Twitter
- YouTube
- Instagram
- Snapchat
- Pinterest
- Wikipedia
New Media
- inexpensive production costs
- interactive
- social
Walled Garden
- sandboxed access apps
- open Internet is off limits
- users caught in a “filter bubble”
Technology Trends
- Moore’s Law
  - computers and processors
  - smaller
  - faster
- Metcalfe’s Law
  - networks
  - bigger
  - better
New Internet Technologies
- Smartphones
- Tablets
- Internet of Things
- IPv6
- Cloud Computing
- User Tracking
World Wide Web
- uniform resource locator
- protocols
  - HTTPS
- domains
  - google.com http://google.com
- top-level domains
  - .xyz
Electronic Publishing
- old media on the web
- shovelware
- comments sections
- video content
- visualizations
Entertainment
- peer-to-peer file sharing
- ad-supported services
- pay services
- online games
- social networking games
- gambling
Structured Content
- portals
- search engines
- social media
- blogs
- ecommerce
Regulations
- copyright
- patents
- net neutrality
  - “free” as in speech
  - “free” as in beer
Government Regulations
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act
  - anti-circumvention
  - safe harbor for service providers
- USA PATRIOT Act
- National Security Agency
  - Edward Snowden
  - PRISM
  - surveillance
  - encryption
  - backdoors
Digital Divide
- haves and have-nots
- socio-economic status
- geography
- urban vs. rural
- digital underdevelopment
Security Threats
- spamming
- phishing
- theft
- surveillance
Security Measures
- passwords
  - strong
  - unique
  - password manager
- encryption
  - public key
  - private key
- firewalls
- proxies