Juan Monroy — Week 14, Internet

Modems
- portmanteau: Modulate-Demodulator
- digital bits modulated into audible sound
- carried over a telephone (POTS) line
- audible sound demodulated into digital bits
- transmission measured in baud: bits per second
Internet
- killer app of computing
  - wide area network (WAN)
    - network of computer networks
    - gateways from local-area networks to Internet
  - layers
    - bits transmitted in packets
    - interoperable
    - standard protocols
      - FTP
      - Telnet
      - IMAP and SMTP
      - HTTP and HTTPS
- disruption
  - telephone
  - postal mail
  - print: newspapers and books
  - sound recording
  - motion pictures
  - radio and television
- Wu and the Cycle
  - The Master Switch
  - his book is essentially a warning about monopolizing the
    Internet
  - coined: net neutrality
ARPANET
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
  - branch of Defense department
  - started in 1958 in response to Sputnik launching
  - cooperated with research universities
  - headed by J.C.R. Licklider
- networks
  - nodes and hubs
  - centralized
  - decentralized
  - distributed
- distributed network
  - hubless network
  - all nodes were connected to each other
  - designed to survive nuclear attack
- first connection
  - between UCLA and Stanford
  - November 1969
  - message: “login”
  - resulted in both computers crashing
- first public demonstration in 1972
  - internetting: a network of networks
  - email communication
  - Ray Tomlinson developed “user@host“ convention
Early Computer Networks
- Xerox
  - LAN
  - Ethernet
  - Bob Metcalfe, 1973
  - interoperable network
- USENET
  - Tom Trusctott and Jim Ellis, 1979
  - computer bulletin board
  - user-generated newsgroups proliferated
- Commercial BBS
  - dialup services
  - closed networks
    - exchange email
    - post opinions
    - upload and download information
  - examples
    - Compuserve
    - Prodigy
    - Dow Jones
    - AOL
  - opened networks via a gateway
Computer Chronicles: The
Internet before the Web
World Wide Web
- hyperlinks
  - non-sequential hypertext, 1965
  - Apple program called hypercard, 1984
- Tim Berners-Lee
  - CERN
  - 1989–1991
- based on academic research
  - documents hyperlinked to each other
  - transporting text documents across computer networks
- hypertext markup language
  - plain text
  - markup to denote special text
    - headings and emphases
    - anchors and references
  - easy to learn
- Mosaic
  - Mark Anderseen
  - University of Illinois
  - first graphical world wide web browser, 1993
  - average computer user could browse the web
  - basis for Netscape (eventually Firefox)
Web 2.0
- platforms for user-generated content
  - Facebook
  - YouTube
  - Twitter
  - Pinterest
- social networking
  - networked individualism
    - creating personal/individual networks
    - not limited by kin, geography, race, class, etc.
  - Standage: sharing, copying, recommending “supercharged” on
    the Internet
  - exacerabated by mobile
- Wikis
  - Ward Cunningham, 1995
  - easy and quick to edit document
  - WikiWikiWeb (first)
  - Wikipedia (most popular)
  - Wikileaks (textbook)
Control over the Internet
- challenges
  - easy to learn
  - easy to use
  - hard to navigate
- attempts to tame the web
  - search engines
  - personalization
  - walled gardens