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- Week 4, Print and Mass Culture
- Three Major Factors for Media, 19th Century
- Civil War
- Public School Education
- Industrialization
- Industrial Efficiency
- economies of scale
- speed
- scale
- cost
- machine-made paper
- Nicolas-Louis Robert, 1798
- wood pulp
- rotary press
- stereotype
- Printing technology
- lithography
- offset printing
- halftoning
- desktop publishing
- Penny Press
- New York Morning Post
- Horatio Shepard
- 1833
- penny paper
- New York Sun
- Benjamin Day
- 1833–1950
- scandal, gossip, local news
- advertising
- New York Hearld
- James Gordon Bennet
- 1835–1924, then 1966
- business news
- New York Tribune
- Horace Greeley
- 1841–1924, then 1866
- working man
- abolitionist
- New York Times
- Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones
- 1851
- moderate political news
- Adolph Ochs
- 1906
- “won’t soil the breakfast cloth”
- Magazines
- magasins: storefront
- collection of writings
- imported from Europe
- emerged in 18th century
- Magazines were short-lived
- partisan content
- too few readers
- high costs of publishing
- expensive distribution
- Magazines of 19th Century
- reduced price
- larger circulation
- advertising supported
- Saturday Evening Post
- popular fiction
- American virtues
- 1821
- Ladies Home Journal
- started as Ladies Home Journal and Practical Housekeeper
- advertising directed at women readers
- 1883
- Books 19th Century
- light entertainment
- paperback covers
- mass market
- Dime Novels
- Erastus and Irwin Beadle
- 1860
- cost 5–10¢
- pulp fiction
- by 1885, one-third of all books were paperbacks
- Wire Services
- telegraph
- Samuel Morse
- 1840
- Associated Press
- New York newspapers
- wire service
- 1845
- United Press International
- United Press
- International News Service
- merged 1958
- sold to AP 1999
- Reuters
- British wire service
- Lincoln assassination to Europe
- 1865
- Yellow Press
- Yellow Kid
- cartoon
- Richard F. Outcault
- 1895–1898
- Joseph Pulitzer
- New York World
- newspaper of the underdog
- 1883
- William Randolph Hearst
- New York Journal
- 1895
- imitated World’s style
- sensationalism
- Nelie Bly
- trip around the world
- harsh conditions of insane asylums
- Spanish-American War
- 1899
- USS Maine
- “You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the war”
- Muckraking
- “History of Standard Oil”
- Ida Tarbell
- McClures magazine
- 1902–1904
- Standard Oil monopoly
- “Great American Fraud”
- Samuel Hopkins Adams
- Collier’s magazine
- 1905
- patent medicines
- “The Treason of the Senate: Aldrich, the Head of it All”
- David Graham Phillips
- Cosmopolitan magazine
- 1906
- corruption in selection of US senators
- The Jungle
- Upton Sinclar
- 1906
- slaughterhouses
- How the Other Half Lives
- Jacob Riis
- 1890
- squalid housing condition
- Progressive Era Reforms
- New York State Tenement House Act (1901)
- antitrust regulation: Sherman (1895) and Clayton (1914) Acts
- electoral reform: 17th Amendment (1912)
- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
- Propaganda and Public Opinion
- World War I
- Office of Public Information
- George Creel
- Uncle Sam
- Ivy Lee
- press agent
- business had to tell its story honestly, accurately, and
openly
- Ludlow Massacre, Colorado (1913)
- John D. Rockefeller
- visit mining campus
- hand out dimes to children
- Edward Bernays
- coined term “public relations"
- Crystalizing Public Opinion
- Freedom Torches, 1920
- Instant Mix, 1950s
- Paperback books
- 20th century mass market books
- mass culture for urban and immigrant population
- Pocket Books
- General Interest Magazines
- 20th century mass market
- something for everyone
- passalong readership
- Saturday Evening Post
- Reader’s Digest
- Lila Bell and DeWitt Wallace
- 1922
- condensed articles
- similar function of older magazines
- Time
- Henry Luce and Briton Hadden
- 1923
- short news articles
- interpretive journalism
- Life
- Henry Luce and Briton Hadden
- 1936
- photojournalism
- dominant visual medium
- Specialization of Magazines, Post World War II
- television replaced magazines as dominant visual medium
- niche audiences for advertisers
- downsized formats
- more magazine titles
- 250 (1950)
- 20,000+ (today)
- new national magazines
- TV Guide (1952)
- People (1974)