- Home
- Courses
- Introduction to Electronic Media
- Class 14, Digital Convergence
- ARPANET
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- branch of Defense department
- started in 1958 in response to Sputnik launching
- cooperated with research universities
- headed by J.C.R. Licklider
- distributed network
- computer network
- decentralized
- designed to survive nuclear attack
- first connection
- between UCLA and Stanford
- November 1969
- message: “login”
- resulted in both computers crashing
- first public demonstration in 1972
- email communication
- internetting: a network of networks
- Closed Networks
- BITNET
- email for university professors
- USENET
- NSFNet
- National Science Foundation
- 1986
- merged existing networks
- Bulletin Board Systems
- exchange email
- post opinions
- upload and download information
- Commercial Internet
- NSF withdrew funding
- opened network to commercial users in 1991
- post Cold War
- World Wide Web
- Tim Berners-Lee
- 1991
- hypertext markup language
- World Wide Web
- linked documents
- transporting text documents across computer networks
- Mosaic
- Mark Anderseen
- University of Illinois
- first graphical world wide web browser
- average computer user could browse the web
- basis for Netscape (eventually Firefox)
- Why the web succeeded?
- cheap network access (for some)
- modems
- telephone network
- local access telephone numbers
- breakup of AT&T
- easy to use
- visual
- point-and-click
- hypertextual = rabbit hole
- easy to produce web content
- early web servers were sponsored (university, government,
etc.)
- free web server: Apache
- HTML is markup, not a programming language
- HTML is open source
- Open Source
- computer software
- source code
- computer language
- compilers
- executable files
- open source
- publicly available source code
- contributions from many developers
- Raymond: “the more eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”
- Linux, Firefox, Apache
- closed source
- proprietary source code
- small cadre of expert developers
- release cycles
- Microsoft, Adobe, Apple
- Commons
- Wikipedia
- open-source encyclopedia
- contrast with Encyclopedia Britannica
- instant updates
- ever expanding
- unlimited scope
- Web 2.0
- social web
- user-generated content
- Intellectual Property
- Copyright
- Enlightenment philosophy
- monopoly
- reproduction
- distribution
- derivatives
- antiquated policy
- analog media
- mass communication
- Creative Commons
- Lawrence Lessig, 2002
- share
- distribute
- podcasting
- RSS standard
- iPodder, 2005
- broadcast radio stations online
- choice-based
- Digital Video
- commercial video sites
- video sharing sites
- Digital Everywhere
- digital media
- mobile devices
- wireless broadband
- open access