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1 |
Early American Newspapers
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1.1 |
needed blessing and approval from the British Crown
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1.2 |
Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic (1690)
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Benjamin Harris
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scandalized stories
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shut down after one issue
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1.3 |
Boston News-Letter (1704)
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John Campbell
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received blessing of the British Crown
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thrived for 72 years, until Independence
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1.4 |
New England Courant
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James Franklin
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had no authority
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jailed and forbidden to publish
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passed to brother Benjamin
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1.5 |
Pennsylvanian Gazette
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Ben Franklin's paper
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published articles about independence
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2 |
Partisan Press
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2.1 |
John Peter Zenger
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New York Weekly Journal
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openly criticized British governor of New York (1733)
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charged with libel
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argued that truth was the defense of libel
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2.2 |
Benjamin Franklin
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Join or Die cartoon (1754)
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urged colonies to unite against the British
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2.3 |
political press built support for the American revolution
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defined the role of the free press
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published Declaration of Independence (1776)
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covered debates over the Constitution (1787)
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2.4 |
First Amendment
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protection of freedom of speech and freedom of the press
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2.5 |
Sedition
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speech that undermines the government
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Alien and Sedition Act
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passed 1798
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Federalists
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combat opposition to going to war with France
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were not renewed in 1800
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functions as a limitation to a free press
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3 |
Industrialization
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3.1 |
technological innovations
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rotary press
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telegraph
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3.2 |
lower cost
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price drops to one cent
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3.3 |
broader audiences
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not just elites
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non-partisan
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urban audiences become newspapers readers
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4 |
Penny Press
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4.1 |
Newspapers become Mass Media
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mid-1800s
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United States and Britain
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reached larger audience
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reached across party lines
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spoke a common language
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4.2 |
New York Sun
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launched 1833
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Benjamin Day
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sold for a penny
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advertising
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recruited newsboys
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4.3 |
New York Herald
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launched 1858
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published news promptly
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daily coverage
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business
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sports
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women's news
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advertising
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classified advertising
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required new ads everyday
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4.4 |
Telegraph
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Samuel Morse (1844)
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first time communication faster than travel
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increased speed and reach of news gathering
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4.5 |
Associated Press
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wire services
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founded 1848
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New York newspapers share news
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sold news to distant newspapers
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4.6 |
Civil War
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covered debate over slavery
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provided "immediate" news of the conflict
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expanded readership
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5 |
New Journalism
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5.1 |
competition
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large headlines
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gossip
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emotional pictures
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5.2 |
coverage
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more news: latest event of the day
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less editorials and essays
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5.3 |
anti-corruption
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New York Times (1870) campaigned against Boss Tweed
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Harpers Weekly political cartoons denounced corrupt politicians
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5.4 |
photographs
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photographic printing (1880)
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text and photographs on the same page
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6 |
Yellow Press
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6.1 |
Circulation War
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William Randolph Hearst
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Joseph Pulitzer
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"Yellow Kid"
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6.2 |
Pulitzer
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Hungarian immigrant
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St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1878)
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New York World
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purchased 1883
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underdog's newspaper
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hired Nellie Bly
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6.3 |
Hearst
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bought New York Journal (1895)
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imitated success of Pulitzer
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Spanish-American War
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spectacular coverage of the USS Maine
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blamed Spanish for explosion in Havana
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6.4 |
Competition
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revenue and profit based on advertising and subscriptions
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can't compete on price, compete with product
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sensational photos and headlines
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crime
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disaster
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scandals
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intrigue
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personality and human interest stories
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hoaxes and fake interviews
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formidable competition in over-saturated newspaper markets
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6.5 |
Adolph Ochs
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bought New York Times (1896)
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deliberately avoided tactics of the Yellow press
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stressed objectivity
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reports for business, legal professions, political leaders
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book and theater reviews
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general audience and intellectuals
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"won't soil the breakfast cloth"
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introduced "inverted pyramid" style
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6.6 |
Legacy
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muckrakers
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Progressive Era
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expose-and-reform cycle
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7 |
Peak of American Newspapers
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7.1 |
Between 1890 and 1920
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1,967 English-language dailies
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562 cities
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New York had 29 daily newspapers
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7.2 |
major players
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Hearst
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Scripps-Howard
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Harry Chandler (Times-Mirror)
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Frank Gannett (Gannett)
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John Knight (Knight-Ridder)
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7.3 |
mergers and consolidation
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many newspapers closed after 1920
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concerns about monopolies and oligopolies
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news wire services
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Associated Press
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United Press
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International News Service
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7.4 |
Social Responsibility
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monitor the ethics of their own writing
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professionalization
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college education
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code of ethics
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8 |
Competition
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8.1 |
radio
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late 1920s
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more current headlines
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8.2 |
Interpretative Journalism
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Walter Winchell
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"Responsibilities of the Press"
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to make a current record
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to make a running analysis
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on the basis of both, to suggest plans
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8.3 |
television
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could show pictures, like newspapers
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newspapers remained social and political institutions
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9 |
Watchdog role
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9.1 |
Cuban Missile Crisis
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9.2 |
Pentagon Papers
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9.3 |
Watergate
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10 |
Newspapers in the Information Age
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10.1 |
Reinvention
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economic downtown
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mergers financed by debt
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online advertising sapping newspaper revenues
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readers migrate online
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10.2 |
online news
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search engines
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news aggregators
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blogs
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social networking sites
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10.3 |
online revenues
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licensing news content
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user fees
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known as "pay walls"
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Wall Street Journal
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New York Times
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Smartphones and Tablet apps
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